Fueled by population growth in some of the poorest African
countries, the number of people on earth is expected to grow faster than
previously expected, reaching 8.5 billion in 15 years and 11.2 billion by the
end of this century, according to United Nations
projections released Wednesday.
Africa is expected to account for more than half the world’s
population growth through 2050, to 9.7 billion from 7.3 billion today. India
will likely surpass China and become the most populous country by 2022.
Nigeria, currently the seventh-largest country by
population, is projected to surpass the United States and become the world’s
third largest by 2050. In that time, 28 African countries could more than
double in size, and 10 — including Angola, Somalia and Uganda — will more than
quintuple.
“The concentration of population growth in the poorest
countries presents its own set of challenges, making it more difficult to
eradicate poverty and inequality, to combat hunger and malnutrition and to
expand educational enrollment and health systems,” said John Wilmoth, the
director of the population division in the U.N.’s Department of Economic and
Social Affairs.
“This is not good news,” said John Bongaarts, a vice
president of the Population Council, an
international nongovernmental research organization based in New York. “In the
poorest countries, fertility rate declines have slowed down and in some cases
are even stalling.”
African countries are expected to experience a huge
migration from rural to urban areas that don’t have the necessary
infrastructure to support them.
“The growth in urban areas is going to be astonishing,”
Bongaarts said. “Most of these people are going to end up in slums. That’s not
good news.”
But there is some good news. The AIDS epidemic is under
control, and infant mortality has declined. But fertility rates haven’t, which
is an issue of concern to experts. More births, coupled with increasing life
expectancy, are contributing to astounding population gains.
Some African countries, such as Ethiopia and Rwanda, have
successfully expanded access to contraceptives and family planning education.
“I do think we’re starting to see political commitment to these issues,” said
Jason Bremner, an associate vice president at the Population Reference Bureau in Washington,
D.C.
An international family planning summit in London in 2012
helped galvanize the governments of developing nations to focus on fertility
issues, he said.
The U.N. projections show significant increases in life
expectancy among the poorest countries, from 56 years for those born in the
early 2000s to 62 years for those born this decade.
Worldwide the pace of population growth has slowed because
of lower fertility rates. But living longer has created an age imbalance in
countries dealing with a swelling elderly population and not enough young
people to support them.
In Europe, more than a third of the population is expected
to be more than 60 years old by 2050. In Latin America, the Caribbean and in
Asia, the population will go from about 11 percent over 60 to more than 25
percent by 2050.
“Eventually, there will be very small numbers of labor force
participants to support the booming numbers of elderly,” Bongaarts said. “It’s
a very serious problem.”
In the U.S. and other aging countries such as Japan and
Italy, the strain on pension funds is already being felt. “They’re going to run
out of money,” he said. “We have to increase taxes, or we have to reduce
benefits. Something has to give.”
Bremner expects fertility rates to eventually inch up in
Europe.
U.N. projections
are based largely on two factors: births and deaths. Earlier
models relied on expert opinion from around the world to project trends. The
new forecast combines all available data — from government statistics to expert
forecasts on mortality rates, fertility rates and international migration — to
come up with a probability model.
Populations in many parts of the world are still young. In
Africa, children under 15 account for 41 percent of the population today, and
those 15 to 24 make up an additional 19 percent. There are 2.8 billion children
and young adults in Latin America, the Caribbean and Asia.
These future workers and parents need health care, education
and employment opportunities to “help build a brighter future for their
countries,” the report said.
